Assignment Blood Disorders Free Essays

Running Heading: BLOOD DISORDERS Blood Disorders Athena Hackett Health and Diseases: Understanding Paths and Pathology June 20, 2010 Dr. Natasha Billups In every situation gave every individual is in danger of a particular issue. The main patient Amy, who is the multi year old Caucasian female, as I would like to think is in danger for the blood issue of Iron Deficiency Anemia. We will compose a custom exposition test on Task: Blood Disorders or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Next is individual at conceivable danger of a particular blood issue is Marcus. Marcus is a multi year old African American male with a parent that conveys the attribute of Sickle Cell Anemia. Along these lines, the conceivable blood issue he is in danger for is Sickle Cell Anemia. Last is Richard and his conceivable blood issue he is in danger for is Thrombocytopenia. Every individual has explicit indications that make them in danger for the blood issue I referenced previously. Amy is a multi year old Caucasian female with manifestations of being worn out, fair skin and she is an exceptionally fastidious eater. The majority of her nourishments are starches and handled meats and beverages. Her nourishments appear to come up short on the ideal measure of iron required for a developing young lady. As per webmd. om â€Å"decreased iron admission is a contributing element in iron insufficiency and the subsequent iron lack anemia†. Iron lack Anemia is one of the more typical instances of pallor. It very well may be controlled or forestalled by adding increasingly iron to a person’s diet. Nourishments that are high or wealthy in iron are red meats (hamburger), enti re wheat bread, spinach, raisins and eggs. There are heaps of different nourishments that are high in iron also. In the event that eating nourishments high in iron isn't adequate, at that point an individual can take iron nutrients to help with giving increasingly iron to their eating regimen. With taking iron an individual must be observed and exhorted on the amount they can take. In the event that an individual takes a lot of iron it could be risky to their wellbeing. There are additionally symptoms with taking iron. One of the most widely recognized reactions of Iron Deficiency Anemia is stoppage. A few people should build their fiber admission to maintain a strategic distance from clogging. The following situation referenced was around a multi year old African American male named Marcus. Marcus is in danger of having Sickle Cell Anemia since his mom is a transporter of that quality. On the site drkoop. com the meaning of sickle cell is â€Å"is an acquired malady wherein the red platelets, regularly circle molded, become bow formed. Thus, they work strangely and cause little blood clumps. These coagulations offer ascent to intermittent excruciating scenes called â€Å"sickle cell torment crises†. † It is an exceptionally excruciating illness and by and by there is no fix. Most of individuals with this illness is African American and referenced already it is acquired. The two guardians must be bearers of the characteristic for the kid to have the sickness. Because of the agony and inconvenience patients are now and then hospitalized for significant stretches of times. It can likewise be perilous or there are serious emergency the individual needs to manage. There are a few sorts of emergencies are: Hemolytic emergency (happens when harmed red platelets separate); Splenic sequestration emergency (when the spleen augments and traps the platelets); and Aplastic emergency (when a contamination makes the bone marrow quit delivering red platelets). Each patient with Sickle Cell Anemia will experience one or these emergencies sooner or later in their life. They can last from a couple of days to weeks or months. They influence the bones in the person’s body and in the long run can make harm a significant organ or a few significant organs. The last situation referenced was with respect to a male named Richard. A portion of his indications were red spots around his eyes and wounds or ecchymosis all over his body. In view of those indications I figured me might be in danger of Thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia is low blood platelet check. As indicated by the mayoclinic. com â€Å"platelets (thrombocytes) are dull platelets that assume a significant job in blood thickening. Platelets stop blood misfortune by bunching and shaping plugs in vein holes†. This specific blood issue for the most part begins in view of another confusion, for example, leukemia or a resistant framework glitch, or as a drug reaction. A decent aspect regarding his issue is that it very well may be switched on the off chance that one of different issue is dealt with. Now and again on the off chance that the turmoil is incessant, at that point drug, medical procedure or blood transfusion will turn around this issue. There are a wide range of sorts of blood issue. From every situation I had the option to establish that a few issue can be treated without drug and simply require dietary changes. Mean while others are not reparable and are agonizing to the individual with that scatter. I was additionally ready to find that different issue can welcome on some blood issue and are reparable once you treat or fix the hidden issue. REFERENCES webmd. com dr. koop. com mayoclinic. com The most effective method to refer to Assignment: Blood Disorders, Papers

Use a Dash for Number Ranges

Utilize a Dash for Number Ranges Utilize a Dash for Number Ranges Utilize a Dash for Number Ranges By Mark Nichol Which image ought to be utilized with numbers: a hyphen (- ), or an en run (â€)? The inquiry may appear to be trifling a scramble is a scramble, isn't that so? yet, utilizing the right image helps understanding, similarly as commas and semicolons signal unmistakable syntactic structures, and nobody will contend that those two accentuation imprints can be utilized reciprocally. Hyphens are utilized to isolate gatherings of numbers, for example, in phone numbers or quantities of money related records. Be that as it may, for practically all different cases, the right accentuation mark is an en run, which demonstrates a range or a distinction. A range of years, (for example, â€Å"2009â€2012†) or some other time go incorporates an en run. (What's more, note that â€Å"from 2009â€2012† and â€Å"between 2009â€2012† are wrong; either utilize both from and to, or among and, or not one or the other.) a similar treatment is given to a succession of segments, for example, a scope of section or page numbers or sums (for instance, â€Å"chapters 1â€10† or â€Å"250â€300 pages†). A scope of money related sums and some other sums is additionally spoken to thusly, as in â€Å"Salary run: $75,000â€$80,000.† (Note that while communicating a range with extremely enormous numbers, to keep away from disarray, the main number ought not be abridged; for instance, â€Å"$75â€$80,000† implies â€Å"from $75 to $80,000,† not â€Å"from $75,000 to $80,000.†) Two settings that create turmoil about which run to utilize are scores and votes. These are not, in fact, ranges, since nothing exists between them, as on account of â€Å"2009â€2012,† in which that time length incorporates 2010 and 2011 too, and of â€Å"chapters 1â€10,† which likewise incorporates each page somewhere in the range of 1 and 10. Yet, The Chicago Manual of Style, thinking that the image between the numbers speaks to a distinction between two qualities (and that the image is articulated to), has chosen for use en runs for the two kinds of portrayal. In this way, utilize an en run to show scores for sports or different rivalries (for instance, â€Å"Her group won 6â€3† or â€Å"They returned from behind to chalk up a 97â€92 victory†). Note, in any case, that when a score doesn't quickly follow an action word or go before a thing, as in the models above, it ought to be set off from the remainder of the sentence by a couple of commas: â€Å"East beat West, 97â€92†; â€Å"East beat West, 97â€92, for the association championship.† Win-misfortune records ought to likewise be arranged with an en run: â€Å"The group proceeded to win a 8â€4 record.† Votes are dealt with a similar way: â€Å"The city board endorsed the venture with a 5â€2 vote.† Numerous papers and sites follow the style suggested by the Associated Press Stylebook, which is to just utilize a hyphen instead of an en run. That inclination apparently dates from the lead-type time, when printers didn’t need to be made a big deal about attempting to recognize a †from an on a bit of metal the size of a watermelon seed. Last time I saw, nonetheless, delivering an en run was a less difficult errand. Set out to run. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Loan, Lend, Loaned, Lent10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Were Ready for CPW

We’re Ready for CPW Costco is officially out of hamburgers, UPS is making 5 trips a day to drop off lights, glowsticks, and popcorn machines, the grass is growing, and the sun is shining. MIT is getting ready for CPW as fast as it possibly can and were just about ready. Right now, were all getting our prefrosh assigned to us, as you can see below: 1,100 of you are coming and were going to feed all of you! And, you know, run you into the ground with sleep deprivingly awesome events for an entire weekend. Good luck, happy travels, see you this weekend! Make sure to swing by Burton-Conner and say hi, Ill likely be involved with most of the events we host but, unfortunately, I wasnt assigned a prefrosh this year. :( By the way, Mikey just mentioned that some of you are flying in TOMORROW!? The entire room just lit up with concerned grumblings and surprise. I wouldnt expect a whole lot of attention from your host if you get here tomorrow, there are A LOT of exams this week, but well be done by Thursday, so no worries. : )

Chemical Structures Starting with the Letter I

The Soul Stays the Same in Plato - 1270 Words

â€Å"I think, Socrates, he said, that on this line of argument any man, even the dullest, would agree that the soul is altogether more like that which always exists in the same state rather than like that which does not† (Plato, Phaedo 79e) In this paper I will argue that the soul is not necessarily unchanging and eternal, as many of Plato’s arguments would suggest otherwise. The main reasons in support of this claim are that there are questionable conclusions that Plato had reached that challenge the validity of his theory on immortal souls. The Phaedo is one of Plato’s greatest dialogues addressing the essence of the afterlife through a discussion between Socrates and his students. Plato’s main argument within the Phaedo is that there is an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I mean such things as good and evil, just and unjust-and there are innumerable other opposites which are generated out of opposites. And I want to show that this holds universally of all opposites; I mean to say, for example, that anything which becomes greater must become greater after being less.†(Plato, 70d) In the dialogue Socrates established that everything is generated from its opposite so must have an opposite. However, it is valid to question this by interpreting the opposite argument. If to say everything has an opposite, would the opposite of existence be non-existence? Existence is created from non-existence and non-existence from existence. If this is true, than would not the existence of a soul suggest that at some point the soul did not exist? Thus, it may be that the soul had a previous existence but it does not definitively suggest that the soul is immortal and has no end. This is somewhat related to Cebes’ argument that that soul may have existed through many bodies but may eventually pass on. Plato fails to further explain the cycle of the soul. Socrates does not give detail on when the cycle of the soul begins or how it may have started. Furthermore, if one relies on the opposites argument for support of the immortal theory then one could consider that is there was a beginning to the cycle of the soul than there would be some sort of end. The Theory of Recollection also has some gaps in its logicShow MoreRelatedJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 PagesJustice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul. Discuss. â€Å"Justice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul† and that is simply to say that justice is identical with, or inseparable with philosophy. (Cahn, Political Philosophy, 1-136) Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul; it is to the soul as medicine preserves the health of the body. In its current and cardinal definition is a just behavior or treatment; a concern for justice, peace, andRead MoreThe Tripartite of the Soul that Socrates Discussed in Platos Republic1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthis paper I will be discussing the tripartite (three parts) of the soul that Socrates discussed in chapter 6 of Plato’s Republic, and I will compare and contrast them to that of Aristotle and Anthony Kenny. In Plato’s Republic the three parts of the soul consist of the rational, spirited and, desire. In this dialogue the three parts of the soul go hand and hand with three parts of a just society. The desire or appetite of the soul is what controls our want for the pleasures of life. An example ofRead MorePlatos View in Human Knowledge Essay examples1392 Words   |  6 PagesPlatos View in Human Knowledge Plato presents three different views about knowledge in Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus. In Menos case, Plato believes knowledge as something innate in us when we are born; in his later view, in Republic, Plato believes we perceive things and gain knowledge; and from the last view, in Theaetus, Plato believes knowledge is the combination of a true opinion and a rational opinion. Strangely enough, Platos views in Meno, Republic, and Theaetetus are similar,Read MoreJustice and the Soul in Platos Republic1031 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological theory, according to which, the soul has three parts, or faculties, or types of motivation. Plato’s argument begins with the observation that souls contain conflict; Conflict in the soul implies different parts that are opposed to each other (436b-438a). Desire is opposed by the calculating part of the soul (438a-439d). Spirit is different from both desire and the calculating part (439e-441c). Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), the parts of the soul are identical in number and functionRead MorePlato s Views On The Immortality Of The Soul1391 Words   |  6 Pagesdialogues Phaedo, Plato touches on some of the theories of Socrates that focus on the immortality of the soul. Plato explains four main arguments that attempt to prove that the soul is indeed immortal. After reviewing and analyzing the arguments given, I have come to the conclusion that Plato’s premises are not true. I believe that the arguments he offers are in some way invalid. In order to prove the validity of each discourse, I will evaluate each of the four arguments Plato presents. BeforeRead MorePlatos Moral Theory Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesconversations, it develops important ideas to improve our lives. As you read this book, you notice a main idea that Plato is trying to convey: why a person should bother to be good. But in order to be good, the Republic opens with asking the reader what is justice. Plato provides us with many answers, but he doesn’t frame those answers in terms that we would expect. Instead, Plato frames the answer in terms of how an individual should structure the different parts of his mind in order to becomeRead MoreEssay about Aristotle vs Plato1665 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle is considered by many to be one of the most influential philosophers in history. As a student of Plato, he built on his mentor’s metaphysical teachings of things like The Theory of Forms and his views on the soul. However, he also challenged them, introducing his own metaphysical ideas such as act and potency, hylemorphism, and the fo ur causes. He used these ideas to explain his account of the soul and the immateriality of intellect. Prior to Aristotle, philosophers like Parmenides and HeraclitusRead MoreThe Allegory of the Cave Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesgood example of explaining the feature of the way people think. It is a concept that demonstrates how humans are fearful of change and what they don’t know. Plato says that men are living in an underground cave and it is a situation. The Allegory of the Cave is Platos explanation of the education of the soul toward enlightenment. Plato talks about being free, everyday life, knowledge, and essentially what he wrote to be true. I think that he was very unique with his writings because there areRead MorePlato s View Of The City State993 Words   |  4 Pages In â€Å"Plato Republic,† the view of Plato on achieving a true city with no injustice differs greatly from those of other philosophers. Although it is not conventional, the way that Plato creates a true city does work. By creating an entirely new city and adding guardians, Plato is e ffectively removing luxuries, thus removing the fever from the city. This is successfully transforming the city with a fever into a just and true city. In this paper, I will demonstrate that the methods that Plato exercisesRead MoreTry to Persuade Socrates Friends to Save Him Against His Will1191 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical science. He was convict to death because he does not believe in God and corrupted the youth people to do the same. In Plato`s dialogue Crito, Socrates spent his last time in the prison. Crito is coming to save Socrates and have plans how to make his escape. Socrates discussing with Crito should he escape from prison or not and gives arguments why he needs to stay and waiting for his death. Crito really wants to save his close friend but Socrates explain his wisdom thoughts: † I

Relationship between entrepreneruship Free Essays

Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. What role do creativity and problem solving play in this relationship? Refer to both theories and examples from the business world to support your discussion. Since last century, entrepreneurship and innovation have been heavily discussed. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between entrepreneruship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Entrepreneurs create new business and provide the Job opportunities to society as well as promote the economic development. However, with the increasing global economic competition, normal entrepreneurship becomes less competitiveness, government committed to develop innovative entrepreneurship in recent years Cukier, 2006). Therefore, the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship becomes one of the most significant topics in the business field. Economists do a large number of researches to explore the connection between entrepreneurship and innovation as well as the position they related in economic development. During the process of exploring, a considerable amount of definitions are put forward by experts based on their research knowledge and the analysis of entrepreneurs developed in recent decades. This essay will list the definitions put forward by ifferent economists, then support the ideas that innovation, entrepreneurship and economic development are deeply connected and interacted. Finally, combine with the experience of university group entrepreneurship project, attempt to explain importance role that the creativity and problem solving played in this process. Definition of the innovation and entrepreneurship is colored by different economists according to their observation, research and knowledge. From the innovation perspective, one of the most important definitions is related to the Joseph Schumpeter, a pioneer of the innovation management, who put forward a theory ccording to his early studying. Schumpeter (1934) defines innovation as the combination of new goods, new methods of production, the opening of new markets, the conquest of new sources of supply and the carrying out of a new organization of any industry. Jocabs (2007) list several definitions in her article based on her study: Peter Drucker believed that innovation is a process that change and creates a new dimension of performance; Jose Campos, director of the Center for Rapid Innovation considered that innovation is kind of the ability to which can deliver value to a ustomer; David Schmittlen has a deeper opinion, he believed that product is not the only factor innovation related, the processes and approaches to the marketplace is where innovation occur. All these definitions have their limitations and emphasizes, but with the change of the social and economic environment, innovation may have a wider meaning such as Regins Cabral mentioned in his opinion which connect the innovation with the network. From the entrepreneurship perspective, the word â€Å"entrepreneurship† related to many meanings. In the second volume of The Isolated State (1850) provided by Johann von Thunen, he defined the entrepreneurship as a way which earns profits after cutting over all the expenses such as payments to capital, labor and insurance, and needs to take unpredictable risk. Risk part in this theory was supported by Frank Knight, and he believed the only risk that leads to profit is a unique uncertainty resulting from an exercise of ultimate responsibility which in its very nature cannot be insured nor capitalized nor salaried† (Knight, 1921). Joseph Schumpeter is one of the most influential economists in the history. His theory of entrepreneurship heavily ased on his innovation theory and roughly experienced three stages. In the early stage of his studying, his notion of entrepreneurship emphasized newness and innovation, and aimed at encouraging economic development (1928). Later, with more research had been done; Schumpeter gave up the risk-taking, one of the characteristics of entrepreneurship which is agreed by von Thunen and Knight. In the 1940s, Schumpeter’s work on entrepreneurship became broader. In this period, he was no longer limited by original theory, but discussed several types of the entrepreneurs and extended the meaning of entrepreneurship. Another very important definition in history was made by Ludwing von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek. Ludwing von Mises (1963) has different ideas with Schumpeter by stated entrepreneurship involves anticipations of uncertain events rather than innovations. The reason why he said that is because there is a belief that entrepreneur gain profits by correctly anticipating the market and providing the products to customer before the competition driven by a desire for money. The definitions of the innovation and entrepreneurship are of variety, but viewpoint about the relationship between them is quite similar. Peter Drucker mentioned that entrepreneurship and innovation is companion terms, innovation is a tool that entrepreneurship can take advantage of. From the perspective of entrepreneurship, Schumpeter (1928, 1939) mentions that entrepreneurship as the source of the innovation and innovation as the engine of economic development, which emphasize the many attributes and motivation of the entrepreneur. This is an idea which was a leading though, many economist after Schumpeter agree with this idea. From the innovation perspective, economists such as Pretorius and Millard strongly supported he theory which considered a significant innovation is usually the basis of the successful entrepreneurial venture. Consider the opinions above all; innovation and entrepreneurship are deeply interacting with each other. For example, McDonalds’ analyzed the marketplace and consumers’ need; design the new production lines and new methods trained staff. According to the definitions listed before, due to McDonald’s creative new marketplace and consumer, and combine with the improving of the management, it is entrepreneurship. In addition, cause the increasing global economic competition, government as well as individual oncentrate more on the innovative entrepreneurship. Evidences shows that government of The European Union, United States and countries in Asia all published policies to support, lead and value the innovative entrepreneurship due to the large contributions it comes in the future (Cukier 2006). The relationship between innovation and economic growth is closely connected and the relationship between them is mutual. On the one hand, innovation is a source of economic development. According to the Schumpeter (1942), who considered the innovation activity of entrepreneur of a process which provide a creative ‘destruction rocess’ by causing sustain disturbances to an economic system in equilibrium, and create new opportunities to economic. It means that innovation encourages the changes of economy system and creates opportunities which are beneficial to economic development. Peter Drucker is one of the influential economists, stated that the innovation is the central issue in economic prosperity. He listed five principles of innovation and the first one is the innovation beginning with analysis of the opportunities, starting from the small entrepreneurs and aiming at market leadership. In addition, a large amount of the empirical work showed evidence to ndicate that the level of the technological innovation do large contribute to economic performance, both at the companies and industry aspects. Economic development also creates a suitable environment for innovation. A high level economic development is conducive to innovation. The Global Innovative Index, which is established by INSEAD Business School and World Business, it measures the world’s best and worst performing economies with measurement of innovation. It also evaluate the nation’s strengths and weaknesses in their economic development environment especially policies and practices related to innovation. United States, Israel and Switzerland are top three countries. All of these countries have a common strength which is the positive environment for innovation, especially in United States. Government policies are firmly support the development of innovation. For example, Silicon Valley in California, which is the typical example to indicate government policies are essential fact to stimulate innovation. Similar to innovation and economic development, it is widely believed that entrepreneurship and economic development influence each other deeply. Entrepreneurship is beneficial for economic development. Entrepreneurship in the early twentieth century, according to the statement of Cipolla (1981) and Lazonick (1991), plays an essential role in the long-term economic. The contribution to the growth of economy was attributed to entrepreneurs. They seek for new opportunities, diversified the productions and develop a new market. With the change of the economic environment, in middle of the twentieth century, entrepreneurship lost its superiority, however, in the recent decades, with the revolution of the knowledge and technologies; it encouraged the development of entrepreneurship thinking Oovanovic, 1982; Audretsch, 1995). In the perspective of the economic development, entrepreneurs not only create new market but also provide the new ideas to marketplace, and promote the economic growth through a process of fierce competition. However, not all kinds of entrepreneurship are effective for economic development. According to the research by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), there are two kinds of entrepreneurship. One is â€Å"necessity entrepreneurship† and the other is â€Å"opportunity entrepreneurship†. Necessity entrepreneurship nas a negative ettect on economic development. A typical example of it is that after the fall of Berlin Wall, any workers in socialist countries found them had no options but work for themselves, this necessity entrepreneurship caused several years of negative GDP growth. On the contrary, opportunity entrepreneurship could lead to an economic development. Based on the statistics collected from the eleven countries, entrepreneurship which has multiple opportunities could lead to economic development (Asc, 2006). For one country, due to the fact that different countries have different economic development level, government should fgure out what kind the entrepreneurship is and develop opportunity entrepreneurship. For individuals, it is essential to analyze the opportunities and potential market before starting an enterprise. Creativity and problem solving cannot be ignored in the relationship among the entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development. Creativity is an essential characteristic in the problem solving process and it is usually defined as a process though which invention occurs something new comes into existence (Herbert et al. , 1999), and they also regard creativity as the starting point of the innovation. Analyzing creativity from the entrepreneurship direction, in past several decades, esearchers did a great deal studies to explore the position of creativity in the process of the development of entrepreneurship. Shaw (1996) mentions that opportunity is the first step that entrepreneurship pursued and creativity is the key point to identify business opportunity (Hills and Shrader 1998). Venture capitalist Vinod Khosla also said that no problem means no opportunity, no solution and no company. Therefore, due to the significant position in the entrepreneurial process, creativity is the soul of entrepreneurship (Morris and Kuratko, 2002). Since nnovation, entrepreneurship and economic development is closely connected, creativity is the fundamental of the whole relationship. In university, Entrepreneurship and Business is one of the most important modules which students need to major in. group project is the significant concept to help students to understand entrepreneurship and essential position that creativity in problem solving process. Kirkham, Mosey and Binks (2009) state that the process of problem can be three steps: define, discover and determine. The project started from defines a problem, and then use the creativity thinking to discovery a large amount of olutions. Finally, determine the most effective solution. This process is what the entrepreneurship usually does in their commercial field. Identifying a problem in business, then analyze the business opportunities and use creativity thinking to find potential solutions in the marketplace, eventually decide the most effective way to establish an enterprise. To sum up, entrepreneurship, innovation and economic development are deeply connected. Definition of innovation and entrepreneurship various from people to people, but all these leads to a conclusion that innovation and entrepreneurship are ompanies terms. Innovation is the basis of the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship as the source of innovation. In addition, in the process of economic development, all evidences show innovation promotes the economic development and an environment which support by government policies encourages the innovation as well. Entrepreneurship benefit to economic development, although only opportunity entrepreneurship has a positive effect to economy. Though the analysis of creativity and problem solving, recognize the importance role it play in the economic development. words: 1896 How to cite Relationship between entrepreneruship, Papers

This Paper Will Address The Issues Surrounding The Criminal Incarcerat

This paper will address the issues surrounding the criminal incarceration of women in American society through the discussion of the views of Meda Chesney-Lind in her 1997 paper Vengeful Equity: Sentencing Women to Prison. It will present critical reasons of incarceration dealing with the onset of the Rockefeller Laws, problems with translation, and results. In the paper I will also present solutions of Chesney-Lind as well as my own opinion for possible options other then common prison sentencing as it is practiced today. The United States in recent times has seen the sudden rise of females in our prison systems. This is most solely due to the introduction of the Rockefeller Laws and its guidelines of mandatory minimum sentencing of criminals for specified crimes. The law was designed to reduce bias in the ever volatile world of race relations and eliminate harsher sentencing for equal crimes based on color. In the female world, consideration of possible mitigating circumstances surrounding an individuals' crime has been taken away from the presiding judge's discretion. Important factors are not allowed to enter in the decision process such as why the crime was committed and by who. While the number of women behind bars has risen as of late, the number of violent offenders in these prisons has actually fallen quite drastically. The proportion of women in state prisons for violent offences declined from 48.9 percent in 1979 to 32.2 percent in 1991 (Chensey-Lind 1997). That would leave the remainder of the near tripling of incarcerated women since the 1980's as nonviolent offenders. Some of these women are imprisoned for property crimes, such as stealing for their drug habit, or often these women have been busted for drug trafficking, often referred to as drug mules (individuals caught moving drugs for someone else). Because of the mandatory minimums, the courts can no longer take into consideration the reasons the offenders committed their crime and level sentences more appropriate such as probation with supervised counseling. Their hands are tied to levy mandatory sentences for even first time offenders. Most of the time, much too harsh for the crime, the perpet rator becomes the victim of the court and its attempt to fight the war on drugs. As they stand now, women incarcerated are not having their needs met in regards to having their problems, often responsible for incarceration, addressed by the system. For the most part, limited funds are given by the government to fund the programs addressing these issues, whether they be drug addiction clinics within the walls, or therapy to help women avoid destructive relationships. Chesney-Lind states that every dollar spent locking up women could be better spent on services that would prevent women from resorting to crime. Thus, without the proper attention to these issues, a large portion of the inmates will most likely return to their old lifestyle and ultimately return to the prison system to be failed again. Issues of gender differences in prisons from their male contemporaries are over-emphazied in my opinion. Some differences cited by Chesney-Lind are physical, childhood, motherhood, and the lack of ethical strip-searches. Physical differences were highlighted in a paragraph discussing chain gangs. Individuals from male chain-gangs were initiating lawsuits of unfair treatment because women were not required or even allowed for that matter to participate in these excursions. The state this lawsuit was brought against was Alabama. They then created a women's chain gang to eliminate the lawsuits. Chesney-Lind seemed to think this ridiculous. I believe it was the right choice by the state. Women do not need to match the work of the male inmate, but must do similar work in their own capacity, for example women should not be required to lift the same amount of weight, but should be required to exert comparable amounts of physical energy. Physical abuse and early childhood abuse were debated by Chesney-Lind as a difference that is taken into consideration when comparing male versus female incarceration. According to her article, 43 percent of women surveyed reported they had been abused at least once before their current admission to prison. Males given the same survey resulted in only 12.2 percent reporting abuse. From my psychology background I can easily state that men are 45 percent less likely